Key Points

• Urban adaptation is shifting toward fine-grained risk mapping, scenario simulation, and automated warning systems.
• Equity remains a central concern because migrants, older adults, disabled people, renters, and low-income residents face higher exposure and weaker recovery capacity.
• Flood, heat, storm, and wildfire risks are being treated as connected urban hazards rather than isolated events.
• Energy resilience is emerging as a major adaptation issue, especially where outages, aging infrastructure, and backup-power gaps overlap with climate stress.
• Several sources argue that adaptation can reproduce inequality if investment, design, and success metrics do not explicitly account for vulnerable communities.
• Community-led and neighborhood-scale responses are presented as important complements to top-down planning.
• The topic is structurally ongoing rather than episodic, with repeated attention to long-term urban infrastructure and governance constraints.