Key Points

• Heavy rainfall and flooding are the dominant current signals, with Southern Africa and Sri Lanka both showing damage from extreme water events.
• Adaptation failures, not just rainfall alone, repeatedly worsen losses: poor drainage, weak evacuation planning, and outdated planning tools appear across the material.
• Compound flood risk is becoming a key framing, especially where intense rainfall interacts with storm surge, river flow, saturated soils, or degraded wetlands.
• Attribution and hazard research are being used to connect current floods to warming and to translate scientific findings into planning guidance.
• The strongest proposed responses are practical: better early warnings, evacuation drills, floodplain controls, drainage maintenance, and integrated flood mapping.
• The topic is coherent and fairly stable, with most items reinforcing a single pattern of climate risk exposure and adaptation shortfalls rather than introducing new subtopics.