Summary

• Attribution studies repeatedly link human-caused warming to stronger short-duration rainfall and more damaging flood events.
• Valencia remains the clearest case study, with multiple analyses tying the 2024 flood to warmer air, warmer seas, and higher moisture supply.
• West Africa shows a parallel pattern: heavy coastal rainfall has become more intense, while urban expansion and floodplain settlement increase exposure.
• Several studies move beyond event attribution to flood timing, showing warming can shift when floods arrive and expand the area affected by timing changes.
• Adaptation themes are consistent across the material: drainage capacity, urban planning, warning systems, and floodplain development are major weak points.
• The evidence base is scientifically coherent and fairly dense, with most recent items coming from attribution research and model-based risk assessment.
• The topic is ongoing and structural rather than short-term, because the same rainfall and flood mechanisms recur across regions and seasons.