Summary

• Ethiopian agriculture is the main empirical focus, with multiple studies assessing crop response, household vulnerability, and adaptation decisions in smallholder and agro-pastoral systems.
• Temperature increase, rainfall variability, and evaporative demand are the most repeated climate stressors, consistently tied to lower yields, water shortages, and reduced crop or livestock productivity.
• Several studies use crop or agro-hydrological models to project future maize, soybean, and wheat outcomes under emissions scenarios, showing location-specific and management-dependent results.
• Irrigation and planting-date adjustment emerge as the most practical adaptation levers, but their effectiveness depends on local water availability, cultivar choice, and timing.
• The literature repeatedly highlights unequal vulnerability across regions and households, with poverty, land scarcity, and limited climate information reducing adaptation capacity.
• A separate modeling strand shows climate-driven habitat expansion for Striga hermonthica, adding pest pressure to crop production risk in Ethiopian lowlands.
• The cluster is coherent but skewed toward research on food and water security rather than policy implementation or market response.